Embedded Files
Latest Evidence
Latest Evidence
The December, 2019 edition of Frontiers in Endocrinology, "Physical Activity and Diabetes" covers a broad field of clinical and pre-clinical studies to better understand the effects of PA in individuals with diabetes and to better overcome the problems associated with PA in order to increase physical activity adoption. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6908475/
Key Reading
Key Reading
Chimen, M., Kennedy, A., Nirantharakumar, K., Pang, T. T., Andrews, R., & Narendran, P. (2012). What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia, 55(3), 542-551. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-011-2403-2
Chu, L., Hamilton, J., & Riddell, M. C. (2011). Clinical management of the physically active patient with type 1 diabetes. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 39(2), 64-77. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2011.05.1896
Cockcroft, E. J., Narendran, P., & Andrews, R. C. Exercise induced hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. Experimental Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088219
Codella, R., Terruzzi, I., & Luzi, L. (2017). Why should people with type 1 diabetes exercise regularly?. Acta Diabetologica, 1-16. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00592-017-0978-x
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al (2016) Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 39:2065–2079. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1728
Colberg SR (2017) Key Points from the Updated Guidelines on Exercise and Diabetes. Front Endocrinol 8:33. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00033
Farinha, J. B., Krause, M., Rodrigues-Krause, J., & Reischak-Oliveira, A. (2017). Exercise for type 1 diabetes mellitus management: general considerations and new directions. Medical hypotheses, 104, 147-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.033
Galassetti, P., & Riddell, M. C. (2013). Exercise and type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Comprehensive Physiology. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphy.c110040/abstract
Figure from Riddell et al (2017) doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30014-1Variability in blood glucose responses to different forms of exercise in people with type 1 diabetes "High individual variability exists in the blood glucose responses to diff erent form of exercise, as denoted by the arrows and grey shading. In general, aerobic exercise decreases glycaemia, anaerobic exercise increases glycaemia, and mixed activities are associated with glucose stability. Individual responses are dependent on various additional factors, including the duration and intensity of the activity, initial blood glucose concentrations, individual fi tness, concentrations of insulin, glucagon, and other counter-regulatory hormones in the circulation, and the nutritional status of the individual."
Riddell MC, Gallen IW, Smart CE, et al (2017) Exercise management in type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8587:1–14. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30014-1
Pinsker JE, Kraus A, Gianferante D, et al (2016) Techniques for Exercise Preparation and Management in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 40:503–508. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.04.010
Click here to see a resource page for patients on our OneLife T1D exercise referral scheme
Reading List
Reading List
Ahola AJ, Saraheimo M, Freese R, et al (2016) Fear of hypoglycaemia and self-management in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 4:13–18. doi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2016.02.002
Al Khalifah RA, Suppère C, Haidar A, et al (2016) Association of aerobic fitness level with exercise-induced hypoglycaemia in Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 33:1686–1690. doi: 10.1111/dme.13070
Anderbro T, Amsberg S, Adamson U, et al (2010) Fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 27:1151–1158. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03078.x
Atkinson M, Eisenbarth GS, Michels AW (2014) Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 383:69–82. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60591-7
Barnard KD, Lloyd CE, Skinner TC (2007) Systematic literature review: Quality of life associated with insulin pump use in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 24:607–617. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02120.x
Bastiaens H, Sunaert P, Wens J, et al (2009) Supporting diabetes self-management in primary care: Pilot-study of a group-based programme focusing on diet and exercise. Prim Care Diabetes 3:103–109. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2009.02.001
Bode BW, Kaufman FR, Vint N (2017) An Expert Opinion on Advanced Insulin Pump Use in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 19:dia.2016.0354. doi: 10.1089/dia.2016.0354
Böhme P, Bertin E, Cosson E, et al (2013) Fear of hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes: Do patients and diabetologists feel the same way? Diabetes Metab 39:63–70. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2012.10.006
Bohn B, Herbst A, Pfeifer M, et al (2015) Impact of Physical Activity on Glycemic Control and Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-sectional Multicenter Study of 18,028 Patients. Diabetes Care 38:1536–1543. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0030
Bott U, Mühlhauser I, Overmann H, Berger M (1998) Validation of a diabetes-specific quality-of-life scale for patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 21:757–769. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.5.757
Brazeau A-S, Gingras V, Leroux C, et al (2014) A pilot program for physical exercise promotion in adults with type 1 diabetes: the PEP-1 program. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 39:465–471. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0287
Brazeau A-S, Mircescu H, Desjardins K, et al (2012) The Barriers to Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes (BAPAD-1) scale: Predictive validity and reliability. Diabetes Metab 38:164–170. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.10.005
Brazeau A-S, Strychar I, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Mircescu H (2008) Barriers to Physical Activity Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 31:2108–2109. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0720.
Cherrington A, Martin MY, Hayes M, et al (2012) Intervention mapping as a guide for the development of a diabetes peer support intervention in rural Alabama. Prev Chronic Dis 9:E36. doi: 10.5888/pcd9.110053
Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LMB, Peters AL (2014) Type 1 Diabetes Through the Life Span: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 37:2034–2054. doi: 10.2337/dc14-1140
Chimen M, Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, et al (2012) What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia 55:542–551. doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2403-2
Chu, L., Hamilton, J., & Riddell, M. C. (2011). Clinical management of the physically active patient with type 1 diabetes. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 39(2), 64-77. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2011.05.1896
Cockcroft, E. J., Narendran, P., & Andrews, R. C. (2019) Exercise induced hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. Experimental Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088219
Codella R, Terruzzi I, Luzi L (2017) Why should people with type 1 diabetes exercise regularly? Acta Diabetol. doi: 10.1007/s00592-017-0978-x
Colberg SR (2017) Key Points from the Updated Guidelines on Exercise and Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 8:33. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00033
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al (2016) Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 39:2065–2079. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1728
Dubé M-C, Valois P, Prud’homme D, et al (2006) Physical activity barriers in diabetes: Development and validation of a new scale. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 72:20–27. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.08.008
Figure from Farinha et al (2017) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.033 : "Exercise onset stimulates glucose uptake and glycogenolysis. High-intensity stimulus promote increased catecholamines releasing, which in turn, inhibit insulin-mediated glucose uptake and stimulates gluconeogenesis. In turn, increased lactate production promotes transient inhibition of insulin-mediated glucose uptake, besides stimulates glucose production by the liver. Together, the aforementioned mechanisms contribute with the mild glycaemia reduction when compared with continuous and moderate-intensity exercise in T1DM patients. Dashed arrows indicate possible long-term adaptations induced by the performance of high-intensity interval and hypertrophy-type exercises. "
Farinha, J. B., Krause, M., Rodrigues-Krause, J., & Reischak-Oliveira, A. (2017). Exercise for type 1 diabetes mellitus management: general considerations and new directions. Medical hypotheses, 104, 147-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.033
Franciosi M, Maione A, Pomili B, et al (2010) Correlates of quality of life in adults with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin injection. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 20:7–14. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.02.012
Frier B, Heller SR, McCrimmon RJ (eds) (2014) Hypoglycaemia in Clinical Diabetes. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex Galassetti, P., & Riddell, M. C. (2013). Exercise and type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Comprehensive Physiology.
Häyrinen M, Tarkka IM (2016) Physical activity does not inevitably improve quality of life in young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 121:99–101. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.09.010
Heinemann L, Fleming GA, Petrie JR, et al (2015) Insulin Pump Risks and Benefits: A Clinical Appraisal of Pump Safety Standards, Adverse Event Reporting, and Research Needs. Diabetes Care 38:dc150168. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0168
Jankovec Z, Krcma M, Gruberova J, et al (2011) Influence of Physical Activity on Metabolic State Within a 3-h Interruption of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 13:1234–1239. doi: 10.1089/dia.2011.0121
Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, Chimen M, et al (2013) Does Exercise Improve Glycaemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058861
Lascar N, Kennedy A, Hancock B, et al (2014) Attitudes and Barriers to Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) and How Best to Address Them: A Qualitative Study. PLoS One 9:e108019. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108019
Lascar N, Kennedy A, Jackson N, et al (2013) Exercise to preserve beta cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (EXTOD)--a study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials 14:180. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-180
Martyn-Nemeth P, Schwarz Farabi S, Mihailescu D, et al (2016) Fear of hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: Impact of therapeutic advances and strategies for prevention - A review. J Diabetes Complications 30:167–177. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.09.003
Matthews L, Kirk A, Mutrie N (2014) Insight from health professionals on physical activity promotion within routine diabetes care. Pract Diabetes 31:111–116e. doi: 10.1002/pdi.1844
McAuley SA, Horsburgh JC, Ward GM, et al (2016) Insulin pump basal adjustment for exercise in type 1 diabetes: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia 59:1636–1644. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-3981-9
McCarthy MM, Whittemore R, Gholson G, Grey M (2017) Self-management of physical activity in adults with type 1 diabetes. Appl Nurs Res 35:18–23. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2017.02.010
McCarthy MM, Whittemore R, Grey M (2016) Physical Activity in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Educ 42:108–115. doi: 10.1177/0145721715620021
Morrison G, Weston P (2013) Self-efficacy: A tool for people with diabetes managed by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. J Diabetes Nurs 17:32–37.
Ozcan S, Amiel S a, Rogers H, et al (2014) Poorer glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes is associated with reduced self-management and poorer perceived health: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 106:35–41. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.07.023
Patel NS, Van Name MA, Cengiz E, et al (2016) Mitigating Reductions in Glucose During Exercise on Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery: The Ex-Snacks Study. Diabetes Technol Ther 18:794–799. doi: 10.1089/dia.2016.0311
Pinsker JE, Kraus A, Gianferante D, et al (2016) Techniques for Exercise Preparation and Management in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 40:503–508. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.04.010
Plotnikoff RC, Lippke S, Reinbold-Matthews M, et al (2007) Assessing the validity of a stage measure on physical activity in a population-based sample of individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 11:73–91.
Plotnikoff RC, Lippke S, Trinh L, et al (2010) Protection motivation theory and the prediction of physical activity among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large population sample. Br J Heal Pschology 15:643–661. doi: 10.1348/135910709X478826
Riddell MC, Gallen IW, Smart CE, et al (2017) Exercise management in type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8587:1–14. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30014-1
Ryan C (2011) Fear of hypoglycemia: Commentary. Diabet Hypoglycemia 4:17–18. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.12491
Speight J, Holmes-Truscott E, Harvey DM, et al (2016) Structured type 1 diabetes education delivered in routine care in Australia reduces diabetes-related emergencies and severe diabetes-related distress: The OzDAFNE program. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 112:65–72. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.11.002
Steineck I, Cederholm J, Eliasson B, et al (2015) Insulin pump therapy, multiple daily injections, and cardiovascular mortality in 18 168 people with type 1 diabetes: observational study. Britiish Med J 350:h3234–h3234. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h3234
Thorpe CT, Fahey LE, Johnson H, et al (2012) Facilitating Healthy Coping in Patients With Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Diabetes Educ. doi: 10.1177/0145721712464400
Tikkanen-Dolenc H, Wadén J, Forsblom C, et al (2016) Frequent and intensive physical activity reduces risk of cardiovascular events in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 1–7. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4189-8
Withall J, Jago R, Fox KR (2011) Why some do but most don’t. Barriers and enablers to engaging low-income groups in physical activity programmes: a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health 11:507. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-507
Wu, N., Bredin, S. S., Guan, Y., Dickinson, K., Kim, D. D., Chua, Z., ... & Warburton, D. E. (2019). Cardiovascular Health Benefits of Exercise Training in Persons Living with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(2), 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020253
Yardley JE, Hay J, Abou-Setta AM, et al (2014) A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 106:393–400. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.038
Yardley JE, Iscoe KE, Sigal RJ, et al (2013) Insulin pump therapy is associated with less post-exercise hyperglycemia than multiple daily injections: an observational study of physically active type 1 diabetes patients. Diabetes Technol Ther 15:84–8. doi: 10.1089/dia.2012.0168
Yardley JE, Sigal RJ, Perkins BA, et al (2013) Resistance exercise in type 1 diabetes. Can J Diabetes 37:420–426. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.07.020
Yardley JE, Zaharieva DP, Jarvis C, Riddell MC (2015) The “Ups” and “Downs” of a Bike Race in People with Type 1 Diabetes: Dramatic Differences in Strategies and Blood Glucose Responses in the Paris-to-Ancaster Spring Classic. Can J Diabetes 39:105–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.09.003
Related content on this website
Related content on this website
Google Sites
Report abuse