Exercise Referral/Chronic Conditions

Further Reading: Textbooks

American College of Sports Medicine (2009) ACSM's exercise management for persons with chronic diseases and disabilities (3rd Ed) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics

Biddle, S., Mutrie, N., & Gorely, T. (2015). Psychology of Physical Activity: Determinants, Well-Being and Interventions. Oxon: Routledge [full text]

Buckley, J. (Ed) (2008) Exercise Physiology in Special Populations. Oxford; Elsevier.

Ehrman, J., Gordon, P., Visich, P.S., Keteyianby, S. (2018) Clinical Exercise Physiology (4th Ed). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics [google books]

Lawrence, D (2013) Exercise Referral Schemes. London: Bloomsbury

Scott, A., & Gidlow, C. (2016). Clinical exercise science. Routledge.

Swain, D.P. & Leutholtz, B.C. (2007) Exercise Prescription: A case study approach to the ACSM Guidelines (2nd Ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. [google books]

Williamson, P. (2011) Exercise for Special Populations Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins [google books]

Woolf-May, Bird, S.R. (2006) Exercise Prescription: Physiological foundations: A guide for health, sport and exercise professionals. London: Churchill Livingstone [google books]

Further Reading: Journal Articles

Albert, F. A., Crowe, M. J., Malau-Aduli, A. E., & Malau-Aduli, B. S. (2020). Functionality of physical activity referral schemes (PARS): a systematic review. Frontiers in public health, 8, 257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00257

Albert, F. A., Malau-Aduli, A. E., Crowe, M. J., & Malau-Aduli, B. S. (2021). Australian Patients’ Perception of the Efficacy of the Physical Activity Referral Schemes (PARS). Patient Education and Counseling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.04.001

Andersen, P., Holmberg, S., Årestedt, K., Lendahls, L., & Nilsen, P. (2020). Physical Activity on Prescription in Routine Health Care: 1-Year Follow-Up of Patients with and without Counsellor Support. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(16), 5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165679

Anokye, N.K., Trueman, P., Green, C. Pavey, T., Hillsdon, M., Taylor, R.S. (2011) The cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes BMC Public Health, 11:954 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-954 [full text]

Arsenijevic, J., & Groot, W. (2017). Physical activity on prescription schemes (PARS): do programme characteristics influence effectiveness? Results of a systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ open, 7(2), e012156. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/2/e012156

AuYoung, M., Linke, S. E., Pagoto, S., Buman, M. P., Craft, L. L., Richardson, C. R., ... & Gorin, S. S. (2016). Integrating physical activity in primary care practice. The American journal of medicine, 129(10), 1022-1029.

Beck, F. E., Gillison, F. B., Koseva, M. D., Standage, M., Brodrick, J. L., Graham, C., & Young, H. (2016). The systematic identification of content and delivery style of an exercise intervention. Psychology & health, 31(5), 605-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2015.1132718

Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S., & Wade, M. (2016). Combining supervised exercise and physical activity counselling might increase retention to GP exercise referral programmes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (MSSE), 48(5S (S1)), 79-80.

Biddle, S.J., Fox, K.R. & Edmunds, L. (1994) Physical activity promotion in primary health care in England. London: Health Education Authority.

Buckley, B. J. R., Thijssen, D. H. J., Murphy, R. C., Graves, L. E. F., Whyte, G., Gillison, F. B., ... & Watson, P. M. (2018). Making a move in exercise referral: co-development of a physical activity referral scheme. Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy072

Campbell, F., Holmes, M., Everson-Hock, E., Davis, S., Woods, H. B., Anokye, N., ... & Kaltenthaler, E. (2015). A systematic review and economic evaluation of exercise referral schemes in primary care: a short report. Health Technology Assessment, 19(60). http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta19600

Chalder, M., Wiles, N. J., Campbell, J., Hollinghurst, S. P., Haase, A. M., Taylor, A. H., ... & Winder, R. (2012). Facilitated physical activity as a treatment for depressed adults: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 344, e2758. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2758

Craike, M., Wiesner, G., Enticott, J., Bennie, J. A., & Biddle, S. J. (2018). Equity of a government subsidised exercise referral scheme: A population study. Social Science & Medicine, 216, 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.023

Cunningham, K. B., Rogowsky, R. H., Sullivan, F., Ozakinci, G., & Carstairs, S. A. (2020). Methods of connecting primary care patients with community- based physical activity opportunities : A realist scoping review. Health and Social Care in the Community, (October), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13186

Department of Health (2007) Best practice guidance: statement on Exercise Referral. Gateway Reference 7930 London: Department of Health.

De Lyon, A. T., Neville, R. D., & Armour, K. M. (2017). The role of fitness professionals in public health: a review of the literature. Quest, 69(3), 313-330.

Deidda, M., Coll-Planas, L., Giné-Garriga, M., Guerra-Balic, M., i Figuls, M. R., Tully, M. A., ... & Blackburn, N. E. (2018). Cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes enhanced by self-management strategies to battle sedentary behaviour in older adults: protocol for an economic evaluation alongside the SITLESS three-armed pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ open, 8(10), e022266.

Din, N. U., Moore, G. F., Murphy, S., Wilkinson, C., & Williams, N. H. (2015). Health professionals’ perspectives on exercise referral and physical activity promotion in primary care: findings from a process evaluation of the National Exercise Referral Scheme in Wales. Health Education Journal, 74(6), 743-757. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896914559785

Downey, J., Shearn, K., Brown, N., Wadey, R., & Breckon, J. (2021). Behaviour change practices in exercise referral schemes: developing realist programme theory of implementation. BMC health services research, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06349-9

Duda, J. L., Williams, G. C., Ntoumanis, N., Daley, A., Eves, F. F., Mutrie, N., ... & Jolly, K. (2014). Effects of a standard provision versus an autonomy supportive exercise referral programme on physical activity, quality of life and well-being indicators: a cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 10.

Duda, J. L., Williams, G. C., Ntoumanis, N., Daley, A., Eves, F. F., Mutrie, N., ... & Jolly, K. (2014). Effects of a standard provision versus an autonomy supportive exercise referral programme on physical activity, quality of life and well-being indicators: a cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 10.[full text]

Dugdill, L., Graham, R. C., & McNair, F. (2005). Exercise referral: the public health panacea for physical activity promotion? A critical perspective of exercise referral schemes; their development and evaluation. Ergonomics, 48(11-14), 1390-1410. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130500101544

Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2007). Adherence and well-being in overweight and obese patients referred to an exercise on prescription scheme: A self-determination theory perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 722-740. [full text]

Edwards, R. T., Linck, P., Hounsome, N., Raisanen, L., Williams, N., Moore, L., & Murphy, S. (2013). Cost-effectiveness of a national exercise referral programme for primary care patients in Wales: results of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1021. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1021

Eynon, M., Foad, J., Downey, J., Bowmer, Y., & Mills, H. (2019). Assessing the psychosocial factors associated with adherence to exercise referral schemes: a systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13403

Graham, R.C., Dugdill, L. and Cable, N.T. (2005) Health Professionals perspectives in exercise referral: implications for the referral process. Ergonomics, 48 (11-14):1411-1422.[abstract]

Gidlow, C., Johnston, L.H., Crone, D., Morris, C., Smith, A., Foster, C., James, D.V.B. (2007) Socio-demographic patterning of referral, upake and attendance in Physical Activity Referral Schemes. Journal of Public Health 29(2): 107-13. [full text]

Hanson, C. L., Allin, L. J., Ellis, J. G., & Dodd-Reynolds, C. J. (2013). An evaluation of the efficacy of the exercise on referral scheme in Northumberland, UK: association with physical activity and predictors of engagement. A naturalistic observation study. BMJ Open, 3(8).[full text]

Hanson, C. L., Oliver, E. J., Dodd-Reynolds, C. J., & Allin, L. J. (2019). How do participant experiences and characteristics influence engagement in exercise referral? A qualitative longitudinal study of a scheme in Northumberland, UK. BMJ Open, 9(2), e024370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024370

Hanson, C. L., Oliver, E. J., Dodd-Reynolds, C. J., & Kelly, P. (2019). We are failing to improve the evidence base for ‘ ‘exercise referral’: how a physical activity referral scheme taxonomy can help. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101485

Hanson, C. L., Oliver, E. J., Dodd-Reynolds, C. J., Pearsons, A., & Kelly, P. (2020). A modified Delphi study to gain consensus for a taxonomy to report and classify physical activity referral schemes (PARS). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01050-2

Halbert, J.A., Silagy, C.A., Finucane, P.M., Withers, R.T. & Hamdorf, P.A. (2000) Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors: effect of advice from an exercise specialist in Australian general practice. Medical Journal of Australia, 173 (2): 84-87

Harrison, R.A., McNair, F. Dugdill, L. (2005) Access to exercise referral schemes-a population based analysis. Journal of Public Health Medicine 27(4): 326-330 [full text]

Henderson, H. E., Evans, A. B., Allen-Collinson, J., & Siriwardena, N. A. (2018). The ‘wild and woolly’world of exercise referral schemes: contested interpretations of an exercise as medicine programme. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(4), 505-523. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2017.1352018

Hillsdon, M., Thorogood, M., White, I., & Foster, C. (2002). Advising people to take more exercise is ineffective: a randomized controlled trial of physical activity promotion in primary care. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(4), 808-815. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.4.808

Hoffmann, T. C., Maher, C. G., Briffa, T., Sherrington, C., Bennell, K., Alison, J., ... & Glasziou, P. P. (2016). Prescribing exercise interventions for patients with chronic conditions. Cmaj, 188(7), 510-518.

Howlett, N., Trivedi, D., Troop, N. A., & Chater, A. M. (2019). Are physical activity interventions for healthy inactive adults effective in promoting behavior change and maintenance, and which behavior change techniques are effective? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Translational behavioral medicine, 9(1), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/iby010

James,D.V.B., Johnston, L.H., Crone, D., Sidford, A.H., Gidlow, C., Morris, C., Foster, C. (2009) Factors associated with physical activity referral uptake and participation Journal of Sports Sciences Vol. 26, No. 2, 217-224 [abstract]

Joelsson, M., Bernhardsson, S., & Larsson, M. E. (2017). Patients with chronic pain may need extra support when prescribed physical activity in primary care: a qualitative study. Scandinavian journal of primary health care, 35(1), 64-74.

Joyce, K. E., Smith, K. E., Henderson, G., Greig, G., & Bambra, C. (2009). Patient perspectives of Condition Management Programmes as a route to better health, well-being and employability. Family Practice, 27(1), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmp083

Lamming, L., Pears, S., Mason, D., Morton, K., Bijker, M., Sutton, S., & Hardeman, W. (2017). What do we know about brief interventions for physical activity that could be delivered in primary care consultations? A systematic review of reviews. Preventive medicine, 99, 152-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.02.017

Leijon, Bendtsen, Ståhle, A., Ekberg, K., Festin, K. and Nilsen, P. (2010 Factors associated with patients self-reported adherence to prescribed physical activity in routine primary health care. BMC Family Practice 2010, 11:38 [full text]

Leenaars, K. E. F., Smit, E., Wagemakers, A., Molleman, G. R. M., & Koelen, M. A. (2015). Facilitators and barriers in the collaboration between the primary care and the sport sector in order to promote physical activity: a systematic literature review. Preventive medicine, 81, 460-478.

Lion, A., Vuillemin, A., Thornton, J. S., Theisen, D., Stranges, S., & Ward, M. (2018). Physical activity promotion in primary care: a Utopian quest?. Health Promotion International, 1, 10. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day038

Littlecott, H. J., Moore, G. F., Moore, L., & Murphy, S. (2014). Psychosocial mediators of change in physical activity in the Welsh national exercise referral scheme: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0109-9

Lyon, A. T. C. De, Neville, R. D., Armour, K. M., Lyon, A. T. C. De, Neville, R. D., & The, K. M. A. (2017). The Role of Fitness Professionals in Public Health : A Review of the Literature The Role of Fitness Professionals in Public Health : A Review of the Literature. Quest, 69(3), 313–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2016.1224193

McGeechan, G. J., Phillips, D., Wilson, L., Whittaker, V. J., O’Neill, G., & Newbury-Birch, D. (2018). Service Evaluation of an Exercise on Referral Scheme for Adults with Existing Health Conditions in the United Kingdom. International journal of behavioral medicine, 25(3), 304-311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-017-9699-3

MacAuley, D., Bauman, A., & Frémont, P. (2016). Exercise: not a miracle cure, just good medicine. Br J Sports Med, 50(18), 1107-1108.

Mann, S., Jimenez, A., Domone, S., & Beedie, C. (2016). Comparative effects of three 48-week community-based physical activity and exercise interventions on aerobic capacity, total cholesterol and mean arterial blood pressure. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 2(1), e000105.

Martín-Borràs, C., Giné-Garriga, M., Puig-Ribera, A., Martín, C., Solà, M., & Cuesta-Vargas, A. I. (2018). A new model of exercise referral scheme in primary care: is the effect on adherence to physical activity sustainable in the long term? A 15-month randomised controlled trial. BMJ open, 8(3), e017211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017211

Mills, H., Crone, D., James, D. V., & Johnston, L. H. (2012). Exploring the perceptions of success in an exercise referral scheme: a mixed method investigation. Evaluation Review, 36(6), 407-429. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X12474452

Morgan, F., Battersby, A., Weightman, A. L., Searchfield, L., Turley, R., Morgan, H., ... & Ellis, S. (2016). Adherence to exercise referral schemes by participants–what do providers and commissioners need to know? A systematic review of barriers and facilitators. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 227. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-2882-7

Morgan, K. (2018). The National Exercise Referral Scheme in Wales: exploring scheme implementation over 10 years: Kelly Morgan. European Journal of Public Health, 28(suppl_4), cky218-099. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky218.099

Morgan, O. (2005) Approaches to increase physical activity: reviewing the evidence for exercise-referral schemes. Public Health; 119(5):361-370.

Murphy, S. M., Edwards, R. T., Williams, N., Raisanen, L., Moore, G., Linck, P., ... & Moore, L. (2012). An evaluation of the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the National Exercise Referral Scheme in Wales, UK: a randomised controlled trial of a public health policy initiative. J Epidemiol Community Health, 66(8), 745-753.http://jech.bmj.com/content/66/8/745

Naci, H., & Ioannidis, J. P. (2013). Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study. BMJ, 347, f5577. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5577

National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (2006) Four commonly used methods to increase physical activity: Brief interventions in primary care, exercise referral schemes, pedometers and community-based exercise programmes for walking and cycling. Public Health Intervention Guidance no2. London: National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence.[full text]

Normansell, R., Smith, J., Victor, C., Cook, D. G., Kerry, S., Iliffe, S., ... & Harris, T. (2014). Numbers are not the whole story: a qualitative exploration of barriers and facilitators to increased physical activity in a primary care based walking intervention. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1272.

Nunan, D., Mahtani, K. R., Roberts, N., & Heneghan, C. (2013). Physical activity for the prevention and treatment of major chronic disease: an overview of systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 2(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-2-56

Nunan, D. (2016). Doctors should be able to prescribe exercise like a drug. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 353. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2468

O'Brien, M. W., Bray, N. W., Kivell, M. J., & Fowles, J. R. (2021). A Scoping Review of Exercise Referral Schemes Involving Qualified Exercise Professionals in Primary Health Care. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, (ja). https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2020-1070

O'Regan, A., Pollock, M., D'Sa, S., & Niranjan, V. (2021). ABC of prescribing exercise as medicine: a narrative review of the experiences of general practitioners and patients. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 7(2), e001050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001050

Oliver, E. J., Hanson, C. L., Lindsey, I. A., & Dodd-Reynolds, C. J. (2016). Exercise on referral: evidence and complexity at the nexus of public health and sport policy. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8(4), 731–736. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2016.1182048

Olsson, S. J., Börjesson, M., Ekblom-Bak, E., Hemmingsson, E., Hellénius, M. L., & Kallings, L. V. (2015). Effects of the Swedish physical activity on prescription model on health-related quality of life in overweight older adults: a randomised controlled trial. BMC public health, 15(1), 687.

Orrow, G., Kinmonth, A. L., Sanderson, S., & Sutton, S. (2012). Effectiveness of physical activity promotion based in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 344, e1389.

Parretti, H. M., Bartington, S. E., Badcock, T., Hughes, L., Duda, J. L., & Jolly, K. (2017). Impact of primary care exercise referral schemes on the health of patients with obesity. Pragmatic and observational research, 8, 189. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FPOR.S118648

Pavey, T.G., Taylor, A.H., Fox, K.R., et al (2011) Effect of exercise referral schemes in primary care on physical activity and improving health outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ Vol. 343:d6462 [full text]

Pavey, T., Taylor, A., Hillsdon, M., Fox, K., Campbell, J., Foster, C., ... & Taylor, R. (2012). Levels and predictors of exercise referral scheme uptake and adherence: a systematic review. Journal of epidemiology and community health, jech-2011.[researchgate]

Pavey, T.G., Anokye, N., Taylor, A.H., Trueman, P., Moxham, T., Fox, K.R., et al. (2011) The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 15(44) [full text]

Persson, G., Brorsson, A., Hansson, E. E., Troein, M., & Strandberg, E. L. (2013). Physical activity on prescription (PAP) from the general practitioner’s perspective–a qualitative study. BMC Family Practice, 14(1), 128.

Prior, F., Coffey, M., Robins, A., & Cook, P. (2019). Long-term health outcomes associated with an exercise referral scheme: an observational longitudinal follow-up study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 16(4), 288-293. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0442

Pullen, E., & Malcolm, D. (2018). Assessing the side effects of the ‘exercise pill’: the paradox of physical activity health promotion. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(4), 493-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2017.1388833

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Rowley, N., Steele, J., Mann, S., Jimenez, A., & Horton, E. (2021). Delivery Approaches Within Exercise Referral Schemes: A Survey of Current Practice in England. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 18(4), 357-373. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0388

Schmidt, M., Absalah, S., Nierkens, V., & Stronks, K. (2008). Which factors engage women in deprived neighbourhoods to participate in exercise referral schemes?. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 371. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-371

Sharma, H., Bulley, C., & van Wijck, F. M. (2012). Experiences of an exercise referral scheme from the perspective of people with chronic stroke: a qualitative study. Physiotherapy, 98(4), 336-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2011.05.004

Shaw, R., Gillies, M., Barber, J., MacIntyre, K., Harkins, C., Findlay, I. N., ... & MacIntyre, P. D. (2012). Pre-exercise screening and health coaching in CHD secondary prevention: a qualitative study of the patient experience. Health Education Research, 27(3), 424-436. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cys005

Shore, C. B., Hubbard, G., Gorely, T., Polson, R., Hunter, A., & Galloway, S. D. (2019). Insufficient Reporting of Factors Associated With Exercise Referral Scheme Uptake, Attendance, and Adherence: A Systematic Review of Reviews. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, (00), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0341

Slade, S. C., & Keating, J. L. (2011). Exercise prescription: a case for standardised reporting. British journal of sports medicine, 1–6. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090290 [full text]

Sowden, S.L., Raine, R. (2008) Running along parallel lines: how political reality impedes the evaluation of public health interventions. A case study of exercise referral schemes in England J Epidemiol Community Health;62:835-841 [abstract] [phd thesis]

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Stewart, L., Dolan, E., Carver, P., & Swinton, P. A. (2017). Per-protocol investigation of a best practice exercise referral scheme. Public Health, 150, 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.04.023

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Tobi, P., Estacio, E. V., Yu, G., Renton, A., & Foster, N. (2012). Who stays, who drops out? Biosocial predictors of longer-term adherence in participants attending an exercise referral scheme in the UK. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 347. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-347

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Wackerhage, H. and Schoenfeld, B.J. (2021) Personalized, Evidence-Informed Training Plans and Exercise Prescriptions for Performance, Fitness and Health. Sports Medicine https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01495-w

Wade, M., Brown, N., Steele, J., Mann, S., Dancy, B., Winter, S., & Majumdar, A. (2021). The impact of signposting and group support pathways on a community-based physical activity intervention grounded in motivational interviewing. Journal of Public Health. fdab198, https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab198

Wade, M., Mann, S., Copeland, R. J., & Steele, J. (2019, January 12). The effect of exercise referral schemes upon health and wellbeing: Initial observational insights using individual patient data meta-analysis from The National Referral database. https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/yebmr

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